The Objectification Of Black Women - 1378 Words

The Objectification of Black Women â€Å"No other group in America has so had their identity socialized out of existence as have Black women†¦ when Black people are talked about the focus tends to be on Black men; and when women are talked about the focus tends to be on white women.† - Bell Hooks Imagine not being in total control of your own life, having someone else tell you what you can and cannot do. Being a prisoner and constantly being policed everyday and every second in a world that does not want to set you free and allow you to advance into your full potential. Black women have to live in world that does not see them or treat them as equals. They have to work ten times harder than anyone else, and then they only break the surface. It†¦show more content†¦She was treated as a commodity to the society that she lived in. We can claim this based on the way Toomer introduces Karintha into the text. He does this by way of her sexuality; however, her sexuality is not one that she, herself has co ntrol over. Toomer opens the beginning paragraph with, â€Å"Men had always wanted her, this Karintha, even as a child† (64). Based on this, we can infer that Karintha is forced to contend with the sexual prowling of men at a very young age, causing her to be a victim. Toomer describes the negative consequences of the premature sexuality on such a young girl as â€Å"This interest of the male, who wishes to ripen a growing thing too soon, could mean no good to her†(64). Toomer wants to emphasise to the readers of how selfish the men in her society were; they only saw her as a sex object. In the story, Toomer is portraying Karintha as a young girl, whose beauty and innocence along with her rural class standing, led her to become a main target for unwanted sexual attention and rumors on her sexual behavior from the local African American community. The rumors about her circled her society, thus jeopardizing her youth. This leads Karintha, a Black female along with her body to be silenced and objectified; this is not her story or her voice; this is simply how others have chosen to dehumanize her and see her for nothing more than a sexual means for their ownShow MoreRelatedThe Portrayal Of African American Women1046 Words   |  5 PagesThesis: The portrayal of African American women as stereotypical mammies, matriarchs, welfare recipients, and hot mommas helps justify U.S. Black women’s oppression. Outline: 1. The objectification of black women as the other a. Advocating the imagery of U.S. Black women as the Other provides ideological thinking justification for race, gender, and class oppression. (Page 77) i. Binary thinking shapes understandings of human difference. Objectification is central to this process of oppositionalRead MoreFeminism Of Hip Hop And Rap Music1504 Words   |  7 Pagesmisogyny and objectification towards women (Weitzer and Kubrin 2009 ; Gourdine and Lemmons 2011). Ruby M. Gourdine and Brianna P. Lemmons specifically state that misogynistic themes began to gain prominence in the genre during the late 1980s. I would suggest that the prevalence of objectification and misogyny in hip hop could pose a threat to a positive self image for females, exposed to this form of media. What is objectification? The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines objectification, as â€Å"theRead MoreHip Hop : The Commodification Of African American Women1717 Words   |  7 PagesHip-Hop Music: The Commodification of African-American Women Since its emergence in the 1980s, hip-hop has taken the world by storm; it has impacted and revolutionized the way people behave, dress, and think. Hip-hop music enables people to connect in a way they would never be able to with any other genre of music. Although, hip-hop has swayed different generations over the years, its influence has not always been positive. In the past, hip-hop focused more on current events in society, personalRead MoreAnalysis Of Patricia Collinss Black Feminist Eye1125 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s world with becoming a strong young black woman every day, my mind has expands toward the very things I never really knew and being mindful of black women’s experiences has familiarity of the structure of the black feminist. In Black Feminist Thought, by Patricia Collins, draws the attention to the theory of black feminist innovations and their opinions on women of color. She also embraces figures made by black women intellects who performed a ro le in evolving this theory. In similarityRead MoreEssay on The Exploitation and Objectification of Women in Rap1184 Words   |  5 PagesWomen have consistently been perceived as second-class citizens. Even now, in times when a social conscience is present in most individuals, in an era where an atmosphere of gender equality supposedly exists, it is blatantly apparent that the objectification and marginalization of women is still a major social issue. In reality, progression in terms of reducing female exploitation has been stagnant at best. Not only is the degradation of women a major problem that to date has not been eradicatedRead MoreSummary Of The Venus Hip Hop And The Pink Ghetto By Imani Perryy809 Words   |  4 Pagesfor Women,† Imani Perry argues that the objectification of women in the music industry is normalized in our society. Her purpose is to persuade us that most feminists who fight against the objectification and exploitation of women are ultimately coloniz ed by the sexual fantasies of men. As a law professor at Rutgers Law School, Perry structures her text in a very effective manner. Using a general-to-specific organization scheme, she begins by outlining the recurring image of sexualized women in musicRead More A Look Inside a Woman’s World Essay example1156 Words   |  5 PagesUnfortunately, women are stuck in all categories of judgments. Jean Kilbourne, an award-winning producer on documentaries about images of women in ads, explains that when media and advertisements exploit femininity for personal gain, women are at risk for much harm because it promotes objectification, which eventually will led to violence. An African American feminist, Joan Morgan, expresses her further disturbance about the constant sexism in rap lyrics that endorses violence and anger towards women. â€Å"’TwoRead MoreWomen Of The Hip Hop Culture942 Words   |  4 Pagesthem to construct social identities in ways that allow us to unders tand what it means to be black, white, Asian, male or female etc. Within many popular culture mediums such as music, stereotypical representations of racially marked female bodies are often formed. Thus, these representations also have the ability to create stories about a certain culture. In music videos, it does not go unnoticed that women are portrayed as objects whose objectives are to pleasure men. In this paper, I will argueRead MoreMusic Videos Do More Harm Than Good For The Public1578 Words   |  7 PagesPosition Paper Women are objects of pleasure. A woman’s worth comes from how good she looks, not from who she is. Women have nothing else to offer but their beauty. Music videos are constantly communicating these messages to society. Popularized by the startup of MTV in 1981, music videos are a prevalent media form that people in America come face to face with every day. With content that is reflective of a male-dominated society, music videos do more harm than good for the public. Music videos constantlyRead MoreThe Effect of Hip-Hop on Female AAE Speakers Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Billboard list of the most popular RB/Hip-Hop songs in 2013. Because hip-hop is a very large part of the African American culture, and many speakers of African American English (AAE) are portrayed through these songs, women are often highly influenced by the objectification of their bodies in hip-hop songs. Since the emergence of the hip-hop genre in popular culture in the 1960s and 70s, women’s bodies have been sexually objectified through this music. Although the impact of the sexualization

George Washington Carver Free Essays

George Washington Carver eulogy Today we honor a man known for his nutty pursuit for his passion for plants and changed the agricultural world. George Washington Carver was born a slave. He was abducted as an infant along with his mother and father then left for dead for his small and weak frame. We will write a custom essay sample on George Washington Carver or any similar topic only for you Order Now His was blessed with more compassionate slave owners who sought the stolen family out only to find baby Carver all by his lonesome. Moses and Susan were the names of his new family who he would call â€Å"aunt and uncle† and they took him and George’s little brother Jim as one of their own. He was a struggling, sickly child cursed with a constant cough, doomed to be home bound with nothing to enjoy but the beautiful plants that grew around the farm. He dedicated his time to them. George always wanted to know more about them and even expressing his fascination with them though art. Susan saw great potential in Caver and urged him as far as she can but home schooling wasn’t enough so Caver himself sought out a high school education. He moved from town to town in Kansas and Missouri in pursuit of a high school education. It took him years longer than most students to graduate because he had to work to support the finances. Later, a family in Iowa encouraged George to try for college. He was finally accepted at Simpson College, and then transferred to Iowa State University. While Carver intended to study music and art, he was convinced instead to study agriculture since he could expect a better living. Music and art became secondary loves as Carver seriously studied agricultural science. An offer came to Carver from Booker T. Washington to teach at Tuskegee, Alabama in 1896. Carver accepted and would remain there until his death in 1943. Carver immediately became interested in helping the poor black farmers of the surrounding area as a botany and agriculture teacher to the children of ex-slaves. Dr. George Washington Carver wanted to improve the lives of â€Å"the man farthest down,† the poor, farmers at the mercy of the market and chained to land exhausted by cotton. â€Å"It is not the style of clothes one wears, either the kind of automobile one drives, nor the amount of money one has in the bank, that counts. These mean nothing. It is simply service that measures success. † Carver’s fame grew after his eulogy given at Booker T. Washington’s funeral in 1915. He later personally knew three US Presidents, both Roosevelt’s and Calvin Coolidge. His personal philosophy of sharing his learning with the community was hailed as a tremendously humanistic approach. He lived ver y meagerly and never married. Carver also received numerous awards during his lifetime like the Roosevelt Medal for Outstanding Contribution to Southern Agriculture. His face has appeared on two US stamps. He was the first African American subject for a National Monument, which stands in Diamond, Missouri. Though some of his scientific methods have been called into question, Carver is certainly significant as an innovator whose true motive was improving the lives of others. He was not tainted by both political or economic gain, and stands as a model for modern scientists. How to cite George Washington Carver, Papers

Sustainability Reporting Framework Click Now To Get Solution

Question: The Global Reporting Initiative is an international not-for-profit organisation that has pioneered and developed the worlds most widely used voluntary Sustainability Reporting Framework. Answer: 1. Introduction The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is a nonprofit organization that introduces the accounting guidelines for the economic sustainability reporting of the companies. The organization produces the widely used standards for sustainability reporting which is also known as ecological footprint reporting, environmental social governance reporting, triple bottom line reporting and CSR reporting. Ward (2010) opined that GRI Focal Point Australia works effectively to bring about rules of sustainability reporting within the Australian organizations and also introduce rules to upgrade the sustainability disclosure of the Australian organizations. The report here focuses on the analysis of application of voluntary guidelines in alteration of the information of Flight centre 2014. Further the report evaluates the benefits of the investors in complying with sustainability reporting. The report also focuses on the negative aspects of the global reporting initiatives in the concluding part. 2. Concept of sustainability reporting With the increasing demand for the large requirement for environmental and global initiatives, sustainability reporting has become an important part of the global accounting system. The companies abiding by the rules of sustainability reporting should include Global reporting imitative (GRI), Carbon Disclosure project (CDP), UNCTAD or environmental accounting, the sustainability consortium and International integrated reporting (Adams, 2013). Sustainability reporting is considered to be the practice of measuring disclosing and being accountable to internal and external stakeholders for organizational performance towards the goal of sustainable development (Cohen, 2013). Figure 1: GRI reporting framework (Source: Horngren , 2013, pp-36) According to Horngren (2013), the GRI reporting framework was intended to serve as a widely accepted process of accounting that will help the investors and stakeholders to judge the companies from different industries under a standard parameter. The GRI reporting initiatives allowed the companies to make sector specific report. The mandatory disclosure norms made the companies suffer economically as well as socially. Alstine (2009) opined that it was seen that the investors reacted strongly to poor environmental performers denying those companies any kind of monetary help. The negative incidents and disclosures were more effective than the negative financial disclosures. As per the signaling theory the negative aspects of the present can be mitigated in the future however the mandatory disclosure was making it difficult for the companies to attract potential investors and shareholders. Amran Haniffa (2011) opined that in some cases the reporting of the negative aspects may be recorded as a positive signal for the future and it may suggest that the companies will be able to manage risks effectively an avoid any kind of future issues. 3. G4 guidelines established by GRI As per Bloomberg Press release GRI updated the existing sustainability reporting guidelines in May 2013 to establish a new set of guidelines namely the G4 guidelines which provides organizations to voluntarily report on their environmental, social and governance performance (Hopwood, 2009). The amendment of the guidelines have made the GRI reporting more practical for the organizations thereby encouraging the organizations to report only the information that are material to the business. The G4 guidelines also include new or updated disclosures on governance, greenhouse gas emissions and supply chain issues. As per the guidelines of G4 the companies are presently required to include the following disclosures in the sustainability report. The energy consumption unit of an organization or the energy used per unit of a product of service within the organization (Bamford Szilagyi, 2010). The intensity of greenhouse gas emissions and the extent of gas emissions of the organization Percentage of new suppliers screened using environmental criteria Important environmental impacts on the supply chain process of the organization Other sustainability related issues According to Duran-Encalada Paucar-Caceres (2011) The G4 guidelines contains the following subparts namely Focus on material aspects This section states that an organization will indentify relevant topics for financial reporting based on their impact on the internal as well as external aspect of the organization. According to Ward (2010) the organizations face dilemmas regarding the availability of the large number of topics which it can report within the sustainability report. However Alstine (2009) opined that relevant topic s and indicators are those that may reflect the economic, environmental and social impacts and may influence the decision of the stakeholders and hence should be included in the report. In accordance scheme Cho et al. (2010) opined that the current (A, B, C) application levels rules initiated by the G3 rules will be replaced by the in accordance scheme which will involve two tiers namely core which is the easier level and the comprehensive which is a high level. The G4-34 to G4-55 provides the guidelines for the same. Consideration of indirect activities Previously the G3 guidelines provided the companys to make sustainability disclosures for only the direct activities however the G4 guidelines G4 12 and G4-EC 9 provides rules for the indirect activities like the reporting for entire value chain system. The sustainability reporting for the value chain system will help the investors to understand the environmental sustainability f the production and the delivery process (Duran-Encalada Paucar-Caceres, 2011). The end product is expected to be sustainable if the value chain system is sustainable in nature. New and revised Standard disclosures Previously the G 3 initiatives required the companies to make disclosures in three segments namely Strategy and profile of the company, Management approach and performance indicators of the company (Globalreporting.org.2015). The guideline under G4- 56 required the companies to compulsorily make disclosures related to ethics and integrity and G4-S03to G4-S06 requires the companies to make disclosures relating to the anti corruption practices and public policy (Lund Nadvi, 2010). Moreover the G4-EN3 to G4- EN 21 requires the companies to report for any kind of Green house gas emissions and also the extent to which the companies are responsible for the emissions. Disclosures on management Approach (DMA) The new guidelines focus on three major reporting frameworks namely Describing why an aspect is material How the aspect is being managed How the management reviews and improves the management approach (Dingwerth Eichinger, 2010). 4. Effect of G4 guidelines on Flight Centre annual report 2014 Flight centre Limited is an Australian travel agency group with around 2000 business in around 11 countries. The company provides a pleasurable travel service to the business travelers in Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, UK, South Africa, China, India and Dubai. On reviewing the annual report 2014 of Flight centre it was found that the company has followed the standard guidelines relating to the G3 guidelines of GRI. However with the advent of the new guidelines under G4 the company will have to make the following changes in the annual report (www.flightcentrelimited.com, 2015). The following initiatives taken by Flight Centre to make its business sustainable affect both internal as well as external stakeholders of the company. Hence these initiatives should be reported under the G4 guidelines in the annual report of the company. 1. Standard disclosures Carbon emissions: G 4-EN3 requires Flight centre to disclose information relating to carbon emissions. The company is working to reduce the office related carbon emissions by teaming up with the Cleaner climate Ltd to provide the company with a carbon emission calculator. Moreover the company has taken the initiate to install solar energy bulbs and compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs) and engaged into energy renewable projects in order to make the business sustainable. Bamford Szilagyi (2010) opined that under the new guidelines the company needs to mention these activities in the annual report under the standard disclosure norms. Office environmental policy: The Company has established certain recycling and waste management policies for the internal staffs of the office namely Ensuring the availability of recycling bins in all accessible office areas Usage of email for external and internal communication has reduced the wastage of paper Practicing double sided printing to save paper consumption Using recycled, unbleached paper for printing purposes Donations of old computers and cell phones to charities for re use Usage of large recyclable milk carton instead of creamers in office kitchens (Burritt, 2010). Energy consumption unit: The standard disclosures also requires Flight centre to report about the units of energy consumed. To make sustainability energy consumption the company has focused on minimizing the usage of ACs, Installation of multipurpose devices to reduce the number of appliances, using sensor lighting and installation of blinds to reduce cooling and heating costs (Adams, 2013). 2. Environmentally sustainable shop design Flight centre has initiated an environmentally sustainable design program for its retail shops at different locations (Ward, 2010). The system provides guidelines relating to usage of Fit out materials including timber usage, waste management, lighting and signage and usage of sustainable water supply equipments. 3. Sustainable supply chain system Flight centre has introduced the environmental Supplier Award for the potential suppliers who engage in environment friendly activities. The award recognizes the supplier that has made the greatest effort to minimize their environmental impact. The company has a corporate travel management network that spans in more than 75 countries. The value chin system of the company works proactively on mutually beneficial business partnerships with suppliers having the same kind of financial and sustainability goals and values (Globalreporting.org. 2015). 4. Disclosures on management approach The company also needs to report on the disclosure for management approach. This section will require the company to make full disclosure of the facts like the importance of the facts that are disclosed and the ways the company is managing the disclosed facts (Burritt, 2010). In relation to this norms Flight centre should make the facts important because they will affect the environment and the internal management of the company as well as the stakeholders decision. The company will also show the initiatives taken by the management to control the negative impact of business process on the supply chain and sustainability of the company. 5. Evaluation of benefits of sustainability reporting to investors Adams (2013) opined that sustainability reporting is an important step towards achieving of the sustainable global economy. The major stakeholders of the companies that is the government, investors and suppliers are highly benefited from the sustainability reporting system. The following are the benefits for the sustainability reporting to the stakeholders Generation of trust Ward (2010) suggested that the full disclosure of all the direct as well as indirect activities of the companies makes the financial report transparent and can generate a sense of trust among the users of the information. The transparency of the report also helps to reduce reputational risks and demonstrate openness and accountability. Competitive advantage The companies gets an added competitive advantage over the other companies of attracting investment, initiating new activities, entering new markets and negotiating contracts with the help of GRI reporting (Lawrence Beamish, 2013). The investors and the stakeholders are ready to supply capital and make long term investments in these companies because they have a clear view of the financial as well as the non financial aspects of the company. Fulfilling the needs of the stakeholders Sustainability reporting helps the companies to fulfill the basic demands of the stakeholders thereby creating a positive image in the mind of the stakeholders. According to Burritt (2010) the stakeholders demand more transparency from profit and not for profit entities. They further demand for the economic sustainability and social sustainability compliance from the business. Improvement strategies The use of the GRI guidelines helps the organizations to highlight the weaknesses within the b business and also calls for improvement that can enhance the future performance of the company. The analysis of the level of energy consumption, wastage and environmental pollution will help the company to introduce new sustainable methods for controlling of the wastage and increase the goodwill of the company (Globalreporting.org. 2015). Enhance reputation A survey conducted in 2011 on corporate reputation showed that expansion of business activity transparency and recording of good deeds were the two most effective ways to create a positive image in the mind of the investors and concerned stakeholders particularly the customers of the business (Hopwood, 2009). In the year 2013 the survey by Earnest and Young showed that around 50% of the respondents issuing sustainability reports suggested that the adoption of the sustainability reporting has helped them to improve their reputation among the stakeholders. Employees expectations fulfillment As per the survey reports of EY and GreenBiz in 2011 the sustainability reporting is also beneficial for the internal employees of the organization. They are regarded as one of the major stakeholders as well as the backbone of the company (Lawrence Beamish, 2013). The report helps the employees with information like environmental activities of the company and also makes them aware of the goodwill and future expansion plans of the company. This helps the employees to feel connected with the company and work with loyalty (Hopwood, 2009). Improved access to capital The companies high on sustainability have higher probability of securing capital form both local as well as foreign institutional investors since the investors are certain about their returns from the company. The potential investors will also find it helpful to make decisions as to long and short term investments (Hopwood, 2009). The GRI guidelines helps the investors to assess the risks related with the investments in a particular company and also the risk of loss of reputation can be assessed by the investors before they take a long term investment decision. Creating and maintaining shareholder value Adams (2013) suggested that the investor presentations, quarterly earnings, quarterly spending on sustainable activities, carbon emission rates, electricity usage rates, employee engagement techniques, announcements and press releases, socially responsible investment surveys, social projects and periodic reports on stock exchange and security analysis helps to increase the shareholders value and make them well informed about the current status of the company. It also provides an insight into the future status of the company. 6. Conclusion The report shows the benefits of the sustainability reporting system and also focuses on the revised guidelines that are implemented by the new G4 guidelines. However the there are also certain negative factors associated with the process of sustainability reporting. Since sustainability reporting integrates the reporting and transparency of all business activities so at times it may be found that some kind of negative activity of the business has been reported in the process. The publication of negative reports not only effects the reputation of the company abut also affects the related stakeholders specially the investors and the customers of the business. Before the introduction of the G4 initiatives the companies were required to make mandatory disclosures of the sustainable reports. This gave rise to reporting of many negative incidents like use of a deplorable resource or mistreatment of the employees within the organization. However the introduction of the voluntary reporting system has integrated the whole policy and has also made it possible for the companies to include only the aspects which are economically, environmentally or socially beneficial or influence the decision of the investors or the stakeholders. Reference list Books Burritt, R. (2010). Sustainability accounting auditing and accountability. Bradford: Emerald Group Pub. Cohen, E. (2013). Understanding G4. Oxford: Do Sustainability. Horngren, C. (2013). Accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Lawrence, J., Beamish, P. (2013). Globally responsible leadership. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications. Ward, S. (2010). Global journalism ethics. Montreal Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. Journals Adams, A. (2013). Sustainability reporting and performance management in universities. Sustainability, 4(3), pp-384-392. Alstine J. V. (2009) Governance from below: contesting corporate environmentalism in Durban, South Africa, Business Strategy and the Environment, 18(2), pp- 108121. Amran A. Haniffa R. (2011) Evidence in development of sustainability reporting: a case of a developing country, Business Strategy and the Environment, 20(3), pp-141156. Bamford, S., Szilagyi, B. (2010). Global analysis and reporting standards: common data structures need common interpretation. Pharmaceutical Programming, 3(1), 37-38. Cho, C. H, Roberts, R. W Patten, D. M. (2010) The language of US corporate environmental disclosure, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 35(4), pp- 431443. Dingwerth, K., Eichinger, M. (2010). Tamed Transparency: How Information Disclosure under the Global Reporting Initiative Fails to Empower. Global Environmental Politics, 10(3), 74-96. Duran-Encalada, J., Paucar-Caceres, A. (2011). A system dynamics sustainable business model for Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex): case based on the Global Reporting Initiative. Journal Of The Operational Research Society, 63(8), pp-1065-1078 Hopwood, A. G. (2009) Accounting and the environment, Accounting, Organizations and Society, 34(3-4), pp- 433439. Lund, T. P. Nadvi, K. (2010) Global value chains, local collective action and corporate social responsibility: a review of empirical evidence, Business Strategy and the Environment, 19(1), pp- 113.

Lewis Carroll Essays - Alice In Wonderland, , Term Papers

Lewis Carroll Lewis Carroll is the penname of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was born on January 27, 1832, in Daresbury England. He was the oldest boy in a family of eleven children of Reverend Charles Dodgson and his wife, Francis Jane Lutwidge. Carroll was relatively pleasant in his childhood, full of ideas and hobbies that contributed to his future creative works. His playmates were mostly his brothers and sisters. He really only played with his sister and never much his brothers though. He took care of his younger sisters most of his younger life and many think thats where he developed his great imagination. He did have a stammer but it is suggested it may have arisen from his parents, when they tried to make him right handed, this may have caused him to think that something was wrong with him, therefore hurting his self-confidence. Carroll was very shy when he spoke to adults, so his speech became difficult to understand. This might have contributed to him being able to communicate with children so well, because he found it easier to become friends with them. Carrolls father had been a big impact on his life, he passed away when Carroll was 36 years old, which he said was the saddest thing of his life. His father was an honorable minister of Christ Church, this mounted Carrolls religious devotion. Lewis Carrolls mother was the essence of the Victorian gentlewoman, and loveable and loved but he mostly talked about his father rather than his mother. Lewis Carroll grew up with an extraordinary education and he was very successful with many publications. He began his education at Richmond Grammar School and then attended Rugby until 1849. In 1851 Carroll matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford. Carroll followed the path of his father by deciding to attend Christ Church, but differently, he did not go on to marry or become a practicing minister. He spent at total of 47 years there, from being a student, to receiving bachelor and masters of art degrees to mathematical professor. Even after he retired as a math professor, he became a curator of the Senior Common Room for 10 years (DLB v.18 46). Rather unlike Carrolls literary works such as Alice, Carroll published mathematical and symbolical texts, which include The Game of Logic (1886) and Symbolic Logic, Parts 1 2 (1886, 1887). Along with mathematical and literary works, Carroll also published his photograph compilation in Lewis Carroll, Photographer (1849) that shows his superiorit y in another area (45). Before photography became one of his interests, Carroll drew many pictures that he tried to publish. But his drawings were not up to par in order to be accepted for publication. He excelled much more in photography and had been described as the best photographer of children in the nineteenth century (Pudney 54). His most influential focus of child photography was Alice Liddell. Carroll was taking photographs of the Christ Church Cathedral from the deanery of the college when he encountered Alice Liddell and her two sisters, the daughters of the Dean, Henry George Liddell (DLB v.18 47-48). From that day on Carroll had a close relationship with the three daughters. The relationship Carroll was beginning to establish with the Liddell daughters did not please Mrs. Liddell very much. She was rather suspicious of his motives for associating with her children (DLB v.163 61). Despite her feelings, Carroll was still permitted to escort the girls on day trips, which they enjoyed (62). During the afternoon of July 4, 1862, the story, which would become known as Alices Adventures in Wonderland, was told for the first time (63). Carroll created this fascinating story to entertain the Liddell girls, Lorina, Alice, and Edith throughout a boat ride on the river Isis. From all three girls came the plead, Tel l us a story and from there is history. After the boat ride, he met with Liddells daughters for walks and croquet and heard them sign Beautiful Star, which entered the book as the Mock Turtles song on Beautiful Soup. Alice enjoyed the story Carroll created so much that she coerced him to record the tale on paper. And so Carroll began to write. By February 10, 1963,

Free Essays on Gatsby And The American Dream

A dream is defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as: a strongly desired goal or purpose, something that fully satisfies a wish. In the beginning pages of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway, the narrator of the story gives us a glimpse into Gatsby’s idealistic dream of winning back Daisy Buchanan. That was his main goal in life for five years. It was the only reason he existed. This is comparable to The American Dream, which was the goal of many people back in the 1920’s. Throughout the novel, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald tried to disparage the American Dream by using the three places of residence, West Egg, East Egg, and the Valley of Ashes, and the circumstances by which Jay Gatsby earned his fortune. The American Dream is a concept that plays a significant role in the novel, The Great Gatsby, which was written by Fitzgerald in the 1920’s. The 1920’s were a time period when many Americans were living the dream. The American Dream embodies the best of America. It is the chance to gain material wealth and spiritual happiness for people who start out with nothing. This is a great example of how Fitzgerald used the The American Dream. Jay Gatsby started from nothing and gained material wealth. But he never got the spiritual happiness because only half of his dream was fulfilled. People from all different countries used to come to America for the chance to turn their hard work into success. The American Dream is the equal opportunity for achievement and happiness. However, instead of showing us how great the dream is, The Great Gatsby shows how society has corrupted it. Fitzgerald used Jay Gatsby’s dream of wanting Daisy Buchanan as a symbol of the The Ameri can Dream. Gatsby’s understanding of the The American Dream was quite different than most people. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that's no matte... Free Essays on Gatsby And The American Dream Free Essays on Gatsby And The American Dream A dream is defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as: a strongly desired goal or purpose, something that fully satisfies a wish. In the beginning pages of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby, Nick Carraway, the narrator of the story gives us a glimpse into Gatsby’s idealistic dream of winning back Daisy Buchanan. That was his main goal in life for five years. It was the only reason he existed. This is comparable to The American Dream, which was the goal of many people back in the 1920’s. Throughout the novel, The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald tried to disparage the American Dream by using the three places of residence, West Egg, East Egg, and the Valley of Ashes, and the circumstances by which Jay Gatsby earned his fortune. The American Dream is a concept that plays a significant role in the novel, The Great Gatsby, which was written by Fitzgerald in the 1920’s. The 1920’s were a time period when many Americans were living the dream. The American Dream embodies the best of America. It is the chance to gain material wealth and spiritual happiness for people who start out with nothing. This is a great example of how Fitzgerald used the The American Dream. Jay Gatsby started from nothing and gained material wealth. But he never got the spiritual happiness because only half of his dream was fulfilled. People from all different countries used to come to America for the chance to turn their hard work into success. The American Dream is the equal opportunity for achievement and happiness. However, instead of showing us how great the dream is, The Great Gatsby shows how society has corrupted it. Fitzgerald used Jay Gatsby’s dream of wanting Daisy Buchanan as a symbol of the The Ameri can Dream. Gatsby’s understanding of the The American Dream was quite different than most people. Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that's no matte... Free Essays on Gatsby And The American Dream The American Dream is an idea that has existed throughout the United States’ history. Before the United States of America was established, immigrants from all over Western Europe stormed to America. Some immigrants came to help expand their country’s empire, some were explorers searching for new adventures, but most came for the American Dream. The American Dream for these immigrants consisted of a few basic ideas such as religious freedom, equality, and a chance to succeed in the world. These people sacrificed everything for the possibility of escaping the oppression of their native lands. The Revolutionary War was fought to uphold the American Dream. During the war, the American Dream manifested into the Declaration of Independence and later, the Bill of Rights. After the Bill of Rights was passed, freedom of religion was not the problem it had once been. Different religions could not be persecuted by the government, and everyone had the legal right to practice their own religion, whatever it might be. With the rise of industrialization, one more aspect became part of the American Dream, prosperity. As the years went on, prosperity and equality became the largest parts of the American Dream. Caucasian men were the only members of the population with equal rights. African American men now had the right to vote, but it was discouraged by such cults as the Ku Klux Klan. They were not considered equal simply on the basis of their skin color. In 1919, women were granted the right to vote as well, but they were continually looked down upon. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s masterpiece, The Great Gatsby, sums up the American Dream of the 1920's. The novel relates the story of a man searching for his American Dream. Jay Gatsby is the main character of the novel. Gatsby’s legal name was James Gatz. Gatz grew up in North Dakota where his parents were unsuccessful farmers. Gatz was not satisfied with his parents fate and dec...

Assessing Development And Democracy In India Politics Essay

Assessing Development And Democracy In India Politics Essay A strong centred democracy has been at the heart of Indian nationalism since independence with its many languages, religions, ethnicities. In adopting the Westminster parliamentary system, India substituted the monarchy for an elected President and a legislative body consisting of a bicameral structure that includes a lower house – the Lok Sabha  and  an upper house the Rajya Sabha  Ã‚   [ 2 ]   . India is now the world’s largest parliamentary democracy, some 714 million people were eligible to vote in last year’s election   [ 3 ]   . Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected every five years with representation divided among India’s States, and seats apportioned  according to population. Members of the lower house the Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected by the legislative assemblies of the federal States and the President nominates twelve members to the Rajya Sabha based on distinguished reputations in the realm of the arts, sciences or public service   [ 4 ]   . The president is elected to office for a five year period by members of both houses. All citizens over the age of 18 years, regardless caste or religion are eligible to vote and turnout has stabilized at approximately 60%, which is particularly high by international standards   [ 5 ]   . Under Jawaharlal Nerhu’s (the first prime minster of India) nationalist ethos encompassing non alignment, socialism and secularism, the latter was the intended safe guard for religious minorities from majority rule. In an affront to the notion that democracy is a ‘Western luxury’ that developing countries cannot afford   [ 6 ]   , India’s body politic has remained markedly stable since independence, a notable exception in post colonial states. It is also viewed as an anomaly because of its incredibly diversified social strata and its ability to continue functioning as a democracy (Kothari 2005). There is no distinction for basis of ci tizenship along ethnic, religious or caste lines nor has there been any religious qualification for holding office. There has not been any significant state intervention to abolish the caste system   [ 7 ]   , although ‘untouchability’ was made illegal in the Constitution   [ 8 ]   the system has been left undisturbed. Independence and the adoption of democracy has however not resulted in any state-led political agenda of social reform, by in large society has been allowed to reform itself in a laissez faire way. A proportion of parliamentary seats and a percentage of public sector jobs were/are however reserved for members of  Other Backward Castes (OBCs), Scheduled Castes (SCs)  and  Scheduled Tribes (STs). This reserve falls under Positive Discrimination (PD)   [ 9 ]   . Bhimrao Ramji  Ambedkar (a member of the untouchable Mahar caste), provided the Dalits with their first real hope of transcending caste discrimination (Luce, 2007), ensuring that equality along caste lines was enshrined within the Constitution   [ 10 ]   . While caste disparity has not yet been alleviated in a substantial way, it has given the Dalits a feel for political mobility   [ 11 ]   . Constitutional provisions. As regards India’s post independence economic policy, it adopted a model of self-sufficiency and import substitution   [ 12 ]   . Influenced by the Soviet example of a mixed economy it turned its back on trade and foreign capital imports on the premise of being a self-sufficient industrialised nation   [ 13 ]   .This failed to take capitalize on India’s early start in modern industry   [ 14 ]   , with it rehashing many of the industries which were already in place but which, were in its view tainted by imperialism. As a result industry suffered (Bhagwati, Desai and Sen, 1997).

The Middle Ages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Middle Ages - Essay Example According to (Bates,2009) â€Å"In thinking about the characteristics of a good society different people tend to emphasize different things that they consider to be important e.g. egalitarianism, personal freedom, moral values and spirituality†. Different political philosophers have different opinion about a good society. Political philosophers gives their idea based on their judgment and thinking and hence their ideas and concepts varies. However all political philosophers advocate an ideal society as one which is peaceful, prosperous and moral .Freedom of the people is also of great concern when it comes to an ideal society .The two political philosophers to be considered here are Martin Luther and Niccolo Machiavelli and their ideas and perception on a good society. Martin Luther is a professor, theologian and church reformer who believed ardently in God’s judgment and Human righteousness. Niccolo Machiavelli is a historian and diplomat from Italy and had a positive view on politics and human welfare. Martin Luther on Good Society Martin Luther was a person who had strong faith in God and was a monk whose teaching had profound impact on the society of his times. He was an advocate of love, peace, truth and Christian doctrines. He emphasized on virtue and suggested that good work must follow faith. He believed that a person should be good before he does any good act and a good person can only form a good society. His moral perception was that classical ethics of Christianity should be the basic fundamentals for an ideal society. Luther is of opinion that truth must be the foundation of a good society and not religion. As per (Voude, 2010pg.27)â€Å"Luther suggests that without truth, society founds no basis for government , no purpose in education and no standard for the passing along of the information†. Luther believed that Godlessness can lead to the destruction of a society. He demanded that faith and reason is essential element for t he well being of a person and a society. Luther explained that every member of a society should educate themselves through reading and writing to promote a society. Ignorance should not be an excuse or an option for anyone. He advocated that religion has a prominent role in the betterment of a society. Martin Luther believed in giving power to the people and allowing mass education for the upliftment of the society. He wanted the members of a society to be critical thinkers and active participants. According to him an ideal society should not be slave to the oppression by the wealthy and rich class. Niccolo Machiavelli on a Good Society Niccolo Machiavelli is a great philosopher and a political thinker Italy has ever seen. Machiavelli had a positive outlook on humanity but had a bad reputation as leader as Hitler and Mussolini followed him to acquire and power and position in the society. Machiavelli highly regarded for position and power in a society and believed not much on moral and ethics. He is supportive of war and explained many strategies to win a war. This shows that he is not a person who idealizes peace and harmony .He is a person who gives importance to passions and dominative power. Machiavelli was more concentrated on gaining power and authority by the means of war. He believed that evil actions can bring good results. He believed that the common men are of weak nature and require a strong ruler in order to remain in

Cryptographic Failures and Challenges Assignment

Cryptographic Failures and Challenges - Assignment Example The crippling weaknesses discovered in the Taiwanese Citizen Digital Certificate Program spread uncertainty that certifications intended to guarantee cryptographic security used by governments and enemies cannot circumvent other delicate organizations. The scientists revealed what they termed a ‘fatal flaw’ in the hardware random number generator which in normally used to make sure that the numbers that make the raw materials of crypto keys are not based on noticeable patterns. Randomness is considered a fundamental element in ensuring enemies does not hack the cryptographic keys reinforcement in the smartcards provided to the Taiwanese citizens. For the over 2 million 1024-bit RSA keys examined, about 184 keys were developed so defectively, they could be hacked in a few hours by use of known mathematical techniques and standard computers. However, if the keys had been developed right, hacking them so fast would have needed a huge supercomputer. It, therefore, reveals the feebleness of cryptographic protections that millions of individuals increasingly depend on to protect their business-sensitive secrets and most personal secrets. The case is an example of one of the many cases revealing weaknesses in encryptions. In conclusion, cryptography is very vital as it invention was meant on secrecy and, therefore, there should be some ways of ensuring that they uphold their mandate. In addition, since most of the breakings done are usually linked with poor generation of raw materials or codes, persons involved should be kept on their toes so that they ensure to work correctly as

Hostility and aggression Essay Example for Free

Hostility and aggression Essay This tells the audience automatically that when he feels he has no power against his family he tries to prove himself so that he would get recognised for his qualities of being a man. So therefore he proves his manliness by showing Rodolpho a few passes of boxing, but really show that he is man but Rodolpho isnt. He shows Rodolpho some boxing to make him and everyone understand that if you want to be a man you need to know how to fight. It was also as if Eddie had purposely asked Rodlopho to try a bit of boxing so that Eddie could hit him, but instead make it seem accidental. From this part the tension starts to build up between Eddie Rodolpho and Marco. The final idea Eddie would consider as manliness id for his name to be respected. He is very dominant over his name and doesnt like to be seen as a bad person. I want my name! (Page 82) Eddie is extremely protective over his reputation in his neighbourhood as he would hate for anyone to make him out as a bad person or anything that would destroy his existent in his community. Eddie is a forceful, energetic and obsessive character, but he is also a character who can show warmth and some generosity. It is obvious throughout the play that he has unnatural feelings for his niece Catherine as he lays down the rules for her not to expose herself. Eddie always comments on the clothes she wears as if they were inappropriate for anyone to see but him. where you goin all dressed up? (Page 13) Rodolphos manliness is completely different to Eddies Standard of manliness. Rodolphos manliness doesnt really measure up to Eddies as they both have very different qualities. Eddie has many different things that he considers to be manly, and feels that Rodolpho does not conform to his idea of masculinity because he can cook, sing and make dresses. Rodolpho is a young man who is seemed to be attracted by Catherine. We know this because he explains his wonderful features, in a conversation with Beatrice. hes a good-lookin fella (Page 34) His sense of humour is not missed in this play, we can tell that hes quite funny and is on the good side of a lot of people except Eddie. This is because Rodolpho is man of many talents, such as he can cook, sing and make dresses. When any of these are mentioned around Eddie he makes it sound as if as if Rodolpho isnt a man but a homosexual. Eddie tries to humiliate Rodolpho informant of Catherine to make Rodolpho look bad because he isnt a typical man so Eddie tries to insults him by being sarcastic. Eddie may come across as not liking Rodolpho as a person, but it is obvious that the only reason he doesnt like him is because of his talents, he sneers at Rodolphos Talents as if he is jealous because he and Catherine have taken a shine to each other. He also feels quite envious of Rodolpho because Catherine doesnt care about Rodlphos manliness but only of the things that really matter such as the personality. Rodolpho shows a romantic quality towards Catherine, as soon as he entered the play they had fallen in love with one another. Eddie feels Rodolphos doesnt love Catherine, but is putting on an act to become an American citizen. Katie, hes only bowin to his passport. (Page 41) Catherine thinks this is untrue and believes that he truly loves her, and that hed never do anything like that. Rdodlphos and Catherines love is very powerful and is quite genuine. My heart dies to look at you. (Page 61) Rodlphos character is made known through his caring personality. He is thoughtful, sensitive and is an intelligent person who feels a sense of responsibility for those who he loves. Rodolphos idea of manliness is to provide for Catherine and support her through everything. Hed hate to see her suffering for him. How can I bring you from a rich country to suffer in a poor country? (Page 60) This implies that Rodolpho is worried for Catherines welfare if they lived in Italy. We can tell that he really wants to provide for her but feels he wont be able to because of the lack of jobs that are offered in Italy. So hed rather work hard in America to earn money so that he could support and provide for Catherine. We work hard, well work all day all night___ (Page 29) Rodolpho and his brother will do anything to get some money as they are desperate to provide their family back in Italy. They would rather work all night than do nothing at all for their family. This proves that they are very loyal to their families and when trouble strikes they always find a way through it. Rodolphos and Eddies manliness are very different. Between Eddie and Rodolpho, Rodolphos manliness does not measure up to Eddies standard as he all about being relaxed and calm, whereas Eddie is mainly about being powerful and being able to fight. They are two very different characters which are shown and articulated in loads of different ways, but mainly through their manliness. Marcos character is very powerful and he really shows his masculinity but you can see the clear difference between himself, Eddie and Rodolpho. Marco is a conventional man who thinks traditionally about how to support his wife and kids. Marco is seen as the strongest of the two brothers as he likes to defend his family if any sort of remark is made. For example when Eddie comments about how his wife will be unfaithful during his time away. I mean, you know-they count the kids and theres a couple extra than when they left? (Page 52) Marco responds very quickly and results by saying No-No the women wait, Eddie-most most very few surprises. (Page 52) This suggests that Marco can get aggressive over remarks like this but strides past it as he has a strong sense of responsibility to his family. Marco has a duty to his family whilst hes in America. Hes earning money for them so that they are able to eat as they are quite poor at the moment. Marco knows it was a risk arriving illegally to America but he thought about it and done what he thought was the best for his family. Marco shows he is responsible and always thinks before he acts. Marco doesnt really come across as the main character but more of an antagonist of the play. He hardly shows aggression unless he feels his family are getting exploited. Marco really feels the hurt when Eddie takes advantage of Rodolpho, so hes raged with anger about their boxing match. Marco then challenges Eddie to lifting a chair as some sort of revenge, to show Eddie up. [Marco face to face with Eddie a strained tension gripping his eyes and jaw, his neck stiff, the chair raised like a weapon over Eddies head] (Page 58) Marco challenges Eddie to see is he is a man like he insulted Rodolpho of not being a man. This shows that Marco is very defensive over his brother Rodolpho, it symbolises Marcos impending judgement and punishment, anticipates the way in which Marco, rather that Rodolpho, is to become Eddies main opponent. This proves that they are a very protective family who all look out for each other. Marcos Ideas of manliness is expresses very conventionally. Marco is a family man and came to America to earn money to support them. What can I do? The older one is sick in his chest. My wife-she feeds them from her own mouth. I tell you the truth, If I stay there they will never grow up. They eat the sunshine (Page 29) Marco really wants to support his family and feels America is his only option to do that. Marco has proven that hed do anything for his family. Whatever there is, anything (Page 28) All the men in this play have different ideas of manliness. Eddie is far more protective of Catherine than his own wife, he obviously loves Beatrice but not enough if she feels Eddie gives her less attention than Catherine. When am I going to be a wife again Eddie? (Page 36) She really feels unsettled around her husband and wishes he paid less attention to Catherine and more to her. Rodolpho is supportive; hes come over with his brother to earn money and to be able to buy the things hes always dreamed of. When I am rich, and I will buy a motorcycle. (Page 30) coming to America to earn money shows that it will change Rodolphos life, he will be able to buy anything that hes always dreamed of. Marco is the most traditional man, he really shows that he is powerful and a family man, who will always support them. Marco acts very conventionally towards his family, this could be because he may have been brought up this way, to be respectful and always support the wife. Hostility today is viewed upon as abuse, but in the time the play was written hostility was part of a day to day running of peoples lives. Hostility in the play is shown between Eddie and Rodolpho. When Rodolpho and Marco arrive Eddie feels quite insecure about his status in his household. Eddie tries hard to keep his status of being the man of the house whilst Rodolpho and Marco are around. Eddie is very hostile towards Rodolpho because he thinks he is a homosexual. Marco knows Eddie feels this way about Rodolpho, but doesnt quite understand why hed feel this way about a member of his family. Marco is very unhappy about this and so this then creates the aggression in the play. From the arrival of Rodolpho and Marco, various conflicts between Himself and Eddie have resulted in which Marco demonstrating his masculinity over Eddie. This then makes Eddie feel quite threatened and anxious. Eddie calls Rodolpho Danish rather than by his name to make fun of his appearance. Now, watch out, here I come, Danish! (Page 57) Eddie is mocking Rodolphos appearance because its not a typical mans appearance. Eddie refers to Rodolpho as Danish because he has blue eyes and blonde hair, but in other words a homosexual. This is an example of where Marco feels the anger of Eddie exploiting his Brother. It is also an example of where the hostility is clearly shown between Rodolpho and Eddie, and so this is where aggression is used between Marco and Eddie. Marco then demonstrates later his manliness to make Eddie nervous and regretful of his earlier actions towards Rodolpho. In the play a view from the Bridge the women are treated unfairly, and are constantly mocked by Eddie. The play also shows how Beatrice and Catherine are abused through verbal violence by eddies constant stereotyping. The way Beatrice and Catherine are indentified id through their aggression, they are no the sort of characters who show their aggression a lot but only when the tension starts to build when Rodolpho falls in love with Catherine, which is what Eddie finds hard to deal with. Beatrice is one of the very caring characters of the play, she is always there for everyone and this is one thing that Beatrice gets mocked for by her husband Eddie. He says to her Im just worried about you, thats all Im worried (page 61) this suggests that Eddie has got tight grips on her and that she should stop being caring and nice to people. Beatrice is always in the middle of any arguments and ends up being the mediator, but at the same time shes always trying to please her husband so he treats her the way she wants to be treated. Beatrice is always tied between her Husband and everyone else. This implies that Eddie has a lot of control over her and he has trained her well as being his wife. Eddie feels that he needs to mock Beatrice to feel a sense of power. Catherine is a young lady who is growing up to be a woman. She has met the man of her dreams and wants to marry him, but theres only one thing stopping her, Eddie. Eddie has brought up Catherine like a daughter but has experienced feelings for her that are unnatural which he and Catherine cant quite understand. Eddie has looked after Catherine for so long that he has developed a possessiveness over her. He has become overprotective and is unable to let go of her after all the years he has taken care of her. When Catherine comes home and explains what she thinks is good news to Eddie and Beatrice, Eddie is furious over how she could take a job without his permission. I should take the job at the end of the year (Page 18) she explains how much good it will be for her but he just keeps going on about how young she is and is only still a child. This shows that Eddie is not yet ready to let go of Catherine but if he doesnt she will disown him and then he would probably never see her again. Eddie has shown that he is quite a controlling man and also that he has a caring side to him but it is expressed through his anger by him being very manipulative towards his wife Beatrice and nice Catherine.

The Formation of Capitalism in European History Essay example -- Europ

The Formation of Capitalism in European History "Pure capitalism is characterized by private ownership of resources and by reliance on markets, in which buyers and sellers come together and determine what quantities of goods and resources are sold and at what price. Here no central authority oversees production and consumption. Rather, economic decisions are coordinated by the actions of large numbers of consumers and producers, each operating in his or her own self-interest. Because property is privately owned, it can be used in whatever manner its owner chooses (Ragan and Thomas, p. 46)." Europe had its capitalistic beginnings in the mid-seventeenth century. However, medieval Europe is characterized by the antithesis of this kind of economy. Who caused the pendulum to swing? Historians, with their tendency to generalize, often lose in the aggregate, or barely touch upon the root reformers of this era. The Northern Italians laid the foundations for the dissolution of the feudal order and the transformation of Europe into a capitalist region. Life in medieval Europe can be characterized by sameness. That is, relative to the life expectancy of a human being, little changed from year to year. Granted, there were periods of war and civil unrest, but the society as a whole remained unchanged. If a person was born into a poor family, then he or she would remain poor with virtually no exceptions. Society was regimented from top to bottom with predetermined social status, and no room for the ambitious. Even an individual's social contacts were largely limited to their local area. The vast majority of medieval society was engaged in agricultural endeavors. These endeavors were carried out on communal farms owned by a nobl... ...he Northern Italian commercial influence took hold, the old order was destined to fail. Considering the plight of the serfs, it is of no wonder why mercantilism grew in appeal. The capitalistic enterprise offered never encounter opportunities for the ambitious. This gave rise to growing, innovative and prosperous Europe. Cited Works Birdzell, L. E., Jr. & Rosenberg, Nathan. How the West Grew Rich: The Economic Transformation of the Industrial World. Basic Books. New York: 1986. Crow, John A. Italy: A Journey Through Time. Harper & Row. New York: 1965, Hilton, Rodney. The Transition from Feudalism to Capitalism. Humanities Press. London: 1976. Pirenne, Henri. A History of Europe. University Books. New Hyde Park, New York: 1955. Ragan, James F., Jr. & Thomas, Lloyd B., Jr. Principles of Macroeconomics. The Dryden Press. Fort Worth, TX: 1992.

Maggie Hobson Essay

Maggie’s personality in act one gives us the impression that she is very bossy and always wants her own way, â€Å"this is a shop you know, we are not here to let people go without buying†. She is bossing Albert Prosser into buying a pair of boots. I think that this makes her have an unpleasant appearance and is not the sort of person people like very much. During the play the author changes your mind by showing a different aspect to her personality. In act one, she acts very busy â€Å"she crosses and takes her place at desk†, â€Å"she busies herself with an account book†. This makes us think that she is the main boss of the shop. We also think that she does most of the work. The first thoughts of her is that she is anti-social. Alice : â€Å"oh it’s you, I hoped it was father going out†. Maggie : â€Å"it isn’t†. She is acting ‘businesslike’ and doesn’t seem to be acting very friendly to her sister Alice. Maggie is unromantic, she doesn’t think that there is any need for courtship before marriage, â€Å"See that slipper with the fancy buckle on to make it pretty ? Courting’s like that my lass. All glitter and no use to nobody. † This shows that she doesn’t believe in courting. Really courting is nothing like a slipper, but Maggie has a practical personality and doesn’t believe in wasting time. She is a lady who always get what she wants and doesn’t believe that you should waste time over courting when you can get married straight away. Maggie organises the household and arranges the dinner time, â€Å"so that, if you stay more than an hour in the Moonraker’s Inn, you’ll be late for it. † This show that she is trying to take over the main lead in the family role, when it should be her father’s role to say when the dinner should be ready because that was the norm in that era. Maggie has swapped roles with him. Hobson is very rude to his daughters, Alice and Vicky, about their delight in fashionable clothing and the idea of getting them married. Maggie is not included in the conversation of marriage. She then asks him what he thinks of her getting married. He lets her know he hasn’t given her any thought of marriage and is very rude giving his opinion of her, â€Å"but if you want the brutal truth, you’re pass the marrying age, you’re a proper old maid Maggie if ever there was one. † She reacts offended and upset to this remark and tells him that she is only thirty. We can tell that she wants to get married as well as her two sisters, Alice and Vicky.

Letters

For the longest time I have felt abandoned and deserted in this world. I see the world move fast   around, feeling dizzy of the haste and hurry of each day and yet in spite of the all the color and life of the world I still felt like I’m in a desert, alone and far from anything alive. Reading this book has opened my eyes and has led me to see God in my everyday life. In my life where I have felt alone and deserted for the longest time, it seems like a miracle that when you try and open your eyes and arms to embrace God’s presence you realize that he is indeed here with us. This book has taught me to open my heart to God and keep him welcome to stay and guide me. I believe that I felt that way for the longest time because I failed to recognize that everyday God is with me. That every achievement is a gift from God even the down times are gifts from God. You emphasized in your book that god is always with us, in the flesh of our brethren as Jesus has said in the bible that whatever we have done unto our brothers we have done unto him. Everyday God touches our lives through our fellowmen. I remember last Christmas, as I was walking home from the sweetshop, lonesome as I was, a young boy gave me a lollipop and it brightened my day. But back then I failed to recognize that it was God telling me that he is always with me, watching me and intending for me to be happy always. As I look back now I see that the emptiness that I felt is because I failed to recognize God’s presence in my life and my failure to offer back to his glory everything that I do in my life. It is more fulfilling to offer back to God everything that we do and to return to him all the praise and glory that we can give. There is no meaning in working for ourselves alone, but there is meaning in working for God and his people. Finally, I learned about forgiveness. I learned to forgive myself and other people as well by recognizing how forgiving God is with our trespasses. That no matter what we do, how much we have sinned, He always welcomes us with open arms and with his eternal love. This book is a call to return to God’s embrace. The Lord has used Elephant to call back his flock to return unto him. One chapter captures the great message of returning to God, the one which deals with Jesus, and who Jesus is. Indeed Jesus is the greatest love of all, he is God’s love for us all. He gave us Jesus his only son to save us from eternal damnation. As it is said in the Bible in John 3:16, â€Å"For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever shall believe in Him, will not perish, but will receive eternal life.† All the discussion about life,Who is God, God’s presence, Marriage, who the devil is, and others are all to me suppletory to the renewal of our faith in God. Elephant has aptly summed in a single chapter the greatest reason to believe and return to God and his embrace. To know the sacrifice that God has made in order to save us and give us the eternal life which he intended for us in the beginning as can be seen in Exodus 20:3-7â€Å"I am the Lord your God who brought you out of Egypt, where you were slaves. Worship no other god but me. Do not make for yourselves images of anything in heaven or on earth or in the water under the earth. Do not bow down to any idol or worship it, because I am the Lord your God and tolerate no rivals. I bring punishment on those who hate me and on their descendants down to the third and fourth generation. But I show my love to thousands of generations of those who love me and obey my laws.†Ã‚   Is enough reason for us to believe and believe firmly in God’s presence in our life. The small manifestations of his presence through our brethren should serve only to strengthen what he has proven when he gave us Jesus for our salvation. His greatest message of all, which God has conveyed through you, is that he, is here with us, he has always been here, and will always be here for us. There is no room for our faith to flicker because he is real and each of us is a living proof. I have angered God. In a lot of ways I have failed God. I have failed to render help to those who needed my help. I have failed to receive God when he needed shelter. I have failed to live a life that is pleasing to him. I have failed to be the child of God. I recognize all my failures but now I realize that I am wrong, I may have done all these but I have never angered God. God who has eternal love and a fountain of mercy and forgiveness. God who has given his son to save me from the fires of hell. I may be a sinner, but God has not given up on sinners like me. All throughout the bible, sinners are always given the chance to repent for their sins and God has always made a way for them to return back to him. I have realized, by reading this book that no matter how much you have sinned, if you receive God in your heart he will forgive you and receive you. If man comes with sincerity and bow before God, then God’s grace will forgive, and ultimately, save him Because God is love and love flows from him. I have long kept a fear that God hates me because I have angered him greatly through all my sins and wrongdoings but you have proven me wrong. I now know that His grace is eternal and unending. And I am no longer afraid of the end of my days because I know that God is with me and will always be with me, forgiving and loving until the end of time.

Five forces for Zappos Essay Example

Five forces for Zappos Essay Example Five forces for Zappos Paper Five forces for Zappos Paper The menace of new entrants into the on-line shoe/apparel market is comparatively little due to the fact that Zappos is such an established trade name and has specialized their concern theoretical account. It would be far excessively expensive for a new company to copy the features of Zappos including their following twenty-four hours bringing and big operating expense. The fact that Zappos was losing money ab initio illustrates this trouble. Another issue that would make a high barrier to entry is Zappos committedness to the consumer through nightlong transportation. Zappos stated that the nightlong transportation caused them to go forth their warehouses open for the full twenty-four hours. Any other company would be at a competitory disadvantage if they didn’t fit this concern pattern. In all the manner Zappos does concern creates excessively high a barrier to entry for menaces of new entry to be high ; for that ground we would rate it 2 OF 5. _Substitutes_ We would rate replacements at 3 OF 5. being that the menace is slightly mean. With the singularity of Zappos. non many shops can fit such a shopping experience service as Zappos. The ground we ranked the menace of replacements at 3 of 5 is because there are Brick and Mortar Stores that may be used as replacements of Zappos. These forte shops are non up to Zappos criterions. but at the same clip their specialisation with certain merchandises make them a menace to Zappos. The whole person-to-person contact can hold a large advantage in footings of client service. Zappos replies by extraordinary client service. which truly makes the mean consumer feel as if they are particular and are in contact with a existent individual. : _Rivalry_ The competition with existing houses for Zappos is just. we gave it a evaluation of 3. 5 OF 5. A chief rival for on-line retail is Amazon ; nevertheless Amazon late bought out Zappos. Since their largest rival is now a sister company. the chief competition Zappos faces are extremely specialised online retail merchants – such as Karmaloop and EastBay. These rivals pose a menace to some of Zappos’ subdivisions such as athletic places. featuring goods. accoutrements. and dress. Both of these sites offer free transportation every bit good. so that takes off one of Zappos’ chief competitory advantages. Zappos still has the premier client service. Currently their biggest challenger is eBay. eBay offers everything that Zappos does. and sometimes at a lower monetary value. However since eBay is an auction site. it can non vouch a set monetary value or free transportation like Zappos can. Customer service is where Zappos sets itself apart from its competition. offering a 365 twenty-four hours return policy and 24/7 call centre hours based in the US. _Suppliers_ We rated the bargaining power of providers at a 5 OF 5 because Zappos has a batch of purchase. A ground behind this is Zappos couldn’t map efficaciously without a co-op provider since they are a distribution company. If the provider decided that they wanted more money per cargo so Zappos most likely comply. Taking the resources to happen new supplies can be really dearly-won. Besides. they may non be able to happen a provider that can offer them the same assortment of trade names and manners that the current provider does. Another manner the provider has dickering power is that there are other companies like Amazon or Overstock. com that they could take to make concern with if Zappos isn’t fulfilling their demands. The provider is perchance the most important nexus in the value concatenation for Zappos and for this ground they have a batch of dickering power with Zappos. _Customers_ There are two aspects we can look at the dickering power of clients. ( 1 ) Zappos is client service based and the clients know that. If the clients lose their power. Zappos may lose clients. ( 2 ) Customer’s do non hold many direct replacements. Places are a necessity and here are few options like Zappos for purchasing places online. In kernel they lose a spot of their power by this fact. Opportunities are if the client does non wish brick and howitzer shops ( physical shopping ) they will still necessitate to buy from Zappos but it opens up spread so of which a new entrant may seek to take advantage. Keeping both those facets in head. the dickering power of clients can be considered intermediate ; therefore a evaluation of 3 OF 5. Decision Zappos has created a really structural attractive company. There is a batch of room for growing with the recent purchase by Amazon. ZAPPOS FIVE FORCES AND SWOT ANALYSIS’ First fix a Five Force Analysis of how Zappos operates utilizing Michael Porter’s model. Supply a short. direct and to the point analysis of each of the five forces every bit good as a Decision about the overall structural attraction of the industry in which your company operates. Confirm your analysis with DATA. Second. show an overall SWOT analysis of Zappos. discourse the deductions of the analysis for future strategic options the company might turn to. You may utilize a narrative manner or diagram for each of the industry forces and your SWOT analysis. In all instances you must Supply A SCALE of how you rate each force in footings of its consequence on the industry’s fight now and in the hereafter. e. g. High/Medium/Low and Increasing/Decreasing/ Staying the Same. The aim of this instance is for you to understand how the picks a company makes about its resources and capablenesss will impact its strategic viability.

Effect of FDI on Chinas Technological Status Essay

Effect of FDI on Chinas Technological Status - Essay Example The researcher states that China is an emerging economy and has continued to experience great economic success starting about thirty years ago when the country achieved economic liberalization. China has successfully participated in trade and investments at the global level, thus is well integrated into the economy at the global level. Most importantly, the FDI inflows in China today are considerably high and the many foreign firms in the country continue to enhance its growth economically. Technology being a critical component of any country’s economy remains highly crucial for the development of any country, including China. In China, the policymakers have in the recent years paid great attention to technological development in the country and the major aim is to make China a technologically sophisticated country. Being an important component of the economy, it is no doubt that FDI in China influences the country’s technology. China has experienced a remarkable increa se in its FDI, and this has continued to grow to start from the mid-1980s. The paper shows data on the yearly FDI inflows of China between the year 1985 and 2014 and this exhibits an increase in FDI inflows in China, even as this stood at $2 billion in the year 1985 and grew to reach $128 billion in the year 2014. In all the developing countries of the world, China ranks among the four largest receivers of FDI and in the year 2014 estimates by the United Nations indicated that China was the worlds largest destination for FDI inflows and Hong Kong and the United States followed behind. It is predicted that there will be persistent FDI inflows in China even in the future because currently, they are still modest. Foreign companies contribute immensely to the growth of the economy in China, even as these are the source of FDI in the country. These foreign-invested enterprises remain core to Chinas foreign trade even as they continue to contribute to the growth of foreign trade in China. In the year 2014, foreign companies accounted for 46.3 percent and 45.9 percent of Chinas imports and exports respectively, even though the peak was experienced in the year 2006 when the percentage of imports and exports accounted for by the foreign companies were 59.7 and 58.2 respectively.

Sensation and Perception Homework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sensation and Perception Homework - Essay Example For this process to complete the function of the eye is the most important one and its shape, size and location determine the capacity and functionality of the seeing capacity. Before deciding the design of eye for the new animal species, the most important thing we have to consider is the habitat and the surrounding environment where it will have to struggle for its survival. The foremost thing we should know is whether it is a hunting and assaulting animal or if it is a prey animal taken for food purpose. For the species involved in hunting the frontal eyes suit better because these eyes can give excellent depth perception due to the location in front of the head. On the other hand, the lateral position of eyes suits better for the prey-animals which gives them a panoramic view of the objects and helps them to anticipate and percept their hunters. After the placement of eye, its size and shape also determine its functionality. There are mainly two types of eyes, the most developed eyes like we, the human beings, have and the simple ones like a patch of photosensitive pigment which is found in many worms. The third option for designing the visual system is about its ability for movement. The movement of eyes helps the living beings to see objects from different angles giving better view of the object. However, the movement of the eyes is not sufficient in itself, the body shape should also facilitate in its movements to have wider seeing perspective. Thus, I would like for the new animal species a visual design which has frontal position to give excellent depth perception, medium sized to allow fast movements and the starling-like eye movements. 1.2 About fifty years ago, many a brain disorders were undiagnosed due to the lack of modern-day equipments and the research which by now has facilitated the medical professionals to anticipate and diagnose complicated neurological and brain disorders like Parkinson's, Anton's syndrome, and Meige syndrome etc. due to the lack of proper awareness about such disorders, the lives of patients were miserable and they had to rely much on their attendants. The real problem with some of the patients having brain disorder was that they did not realize they suffered some sort of disorder like in Meige syndrome in which the patients affirmed quite adamantly that they were capable of seeing even though they cortically blind. However, now the medical science has made extensive researches and is now able to control these disorders to some extent (Charles Bonnet Syndrome. 2007). However, it is a matter of concern that there is no specific treatment for these disorders and the medical professionals are able to control it in initial stages as well as handling some symptoms of the disorder. It is hoped that with further concentrated researches, these disorders will be controlled efficiently within next 50 years. 1.3 Structure of the Eye The structure of the eye or as is called the eyeball, is spherical approximately 2.5 cm in diameter. The outer part of the eye consists of three layers of tissue. The outside layer is the sclera having protective coating and it covers about five-sixth of the eye surface. The middle layer is called choroids, a vascular layer which is continuous with the ciliary body and with the iris. It lies at the front of the eye. The innermost layer of the eye is the

Effects of Interest Rates on Consumer Purchasing Term Paper

Effects of Interest Rates on Consumer Purchasing - Term Paper Example An increase in interest rates may have different effects on the consumer buying behaviors. One of the effects is that it causes a rise in borrowing cost. Therefore, consumers are going to be discouraged to borrow or save. The increased interests will leave consumers with little disposable income and therefore this will reduce consumption or consumer buying   (Soderlind, p.402). Another effect of a rise in interest rates on consumer behavior is the desire to save rather than to spend. The consumers will tend to save their money since they will be encouraged by the high-interest rates the banks offer. The value of the dollar increases with a rise in interest rates. One cause for the increase is the increased money flows. Therefore, investors are more likely to save in US banks if the US rates are high compared to other countries. The main result of a stronger dollar is that it makes exporting from the US not to be competitive leading to  increase in exports and a reduction in imports. In the long run, consumer consumption will have reduced in places outside the United States of America. Increased interest rate reduces the buyers’ willingness to make investments, as well as risky purchases. Consequently, they shy off from borrowing and end up saving for fear of losing their money. In such cases, demand for products reduces and there is a general reduction in consumer expenditure on goods (Esch, p. 302). The rise in interest rates has the general effect of reducing the consumers’ demand for purchasing products. In the case of an increase, consumers try to save and spend less due to a reduced disposable income. On the other side, a reduction in the interest rates will affect the consumers buying behavior in various ways. One way is that lower interest rates will result in reduced returns on savings.  

Do Unions Have Any Kind of Future In Australia Essay

Do Unions Have Any Kind of Future In Australia - Essay Example This will be the time to forge a global partnership between developing global partnership between developed and developing countries to ensure that employment growth policies are put in place to put an end to the scourge of our times - increasing unemployment, poverty and inequality' - said ICFTU President Sharan Burrow. The major corporations of the world are hopping around the world seeking the lowest cost worker. The ITES has meant that the developed world will lose more employment opportunities to developing countries where wages are cheap and working conditions can be stringent. The west and the rest of the developed world already troubled with rising unemployment will see a worse future. The 'global workforce' if at all one arises will require more such meetings and negotiations to make things happen - for a better tomorrow. The Unions around the world have emphasised on the need for collective bargaining. They are primarily composed of skilled and semi-skilled workers. But membership figures vary widely with the industry in question. The problem has particularly plagued Australia in sectors such as health because a large number of health workers from the commonwealth countries are present in these sectors. But what do unions do Changes in the structure and nature of work The Unions seek changes in the structure of work so that the work is less monotonous and comfortable to the worker. Further the unions make sure that the working conditions are also ideal. Unions form and people flock to join them for many reasons. They feel that their grievances will be redressed by the collective bargaining power of the unions. Some members also enrol for ideological issues such as the socialist cause and the anti-capitalism campaign. The Webbs defines that unions arose when the great bulk of workers had ceased to be independent producers, themselves controlling the processes, and owning the materials and the product of their labour, and had passed into the condition of life-long wage-earners, possessing neither the instruments of production nor the commodity in its finished state (Webbs, 1920: 25). In the 1920's Perlman stated thatTrade unionism, which is essentially pragmatic, struggles constantly, not only against the employers for an enlarged opportunity measured in income, security, and liberty in the shop and industry, but struggles also, whether consciously or unconsciously, actively or merely passively, against the intellectual who would frame its programs and shape its policies (1928: 5). Allan Flander says of Unions that 'The first and over-riding responsibility of all trade unions is to the welfare of their own members. That is their primary commitment; not to a firm, not to an industry, not to the nation. A union collects its members' contributions and demands their loyalty specifically for the purpose of protecting their interests as they see them, not their alleged 'true' or 'best' interests as

Urban Structure in Modern Society

Urban Structure in Modern Society How Should a Modern, Globalized Society Adapt Its Urban Structure? A Comparison of Four Texts Globalization, much like the Industrial Revolution that propelled Europe and North America to the forefront of the global economic stage, has forced the redevelopment and organization of urban hubs. Some, like Moulaert and Waley, support government-led initiatives addressing the problem of the economic disparities among social classes caused by the redefinition of labor markets. Others, including Logan and Swanstrom, argue against centrally-planned economies and markets, positing that cities should not work outside the boundaries of their national context. Scholars like Haila, on the other hand, present a married political ideology combining the two, arguing that while differences in cities may exist, real estate and private investment is the common link binding all â€Å"global cities.† With globalization overtaking the norms of familiar market economies, contemporary urban hubs face â€Å"persistent high levels of unemployment, shortage of job opportunities, homelessness, deteriorating housing and living conditions, widening income gaps, [and] social violence†; these problems have become â€Å"an integral part of the new urban context, regardless of prevailing dynamics of economic growth or decline†[1]. Consequently, Moulaert and his contemporaries suggest government-mandated interventions are necessary, including the coerced transformation of labor markets. According to Moulaert, â€Å"the transformation of employment is, doubtless, the key axis of urban socio-economic restructuring and the primary factor shaping increasing inequality and social fragmentation in cities†[2]. Logan and Swanstrom concur, but question the extent to which the government ought to be able to intervene in the restructuring of society. They question â€Å"what form th ese interventions should take,† as reform in the East â€Å"is a synonym for raising prices, reducing some types of consumption, and accepting structural unemployment†; the Communist-type failure of urban restructuring (and central planning) is therefore representative of a â€Å"political and economic event,† avoidable through the careful, monitored endorsement of free market economies[3]. Waley, like Moulaert and his contemporaries, supports a degree of government intervention in urban restructuring and cites the Japanese post-war example. Waley suggests Japan’s success in urban restructuring can be attributed to â€Å"reorganizing urban space in pursuit of economic growth,† which entailed national â€Å"relaxation of zoning, disposal of public land, and measures advantageous to private landowners† vis-à  -vis the strategies outlined by Haila which will be examined later[4]. The government, Waley argues, is the greatest facilitator of econ omic growth through its power to enact policies; contrary to the Communist model, however, Waley’s proposition is one of incentive to the private sector. Logan and Swanstrom directly oppose governmental intervention supported by Moulaert and (to a degree) Waley, specifying that policy cures and the measure of urban restructuring in an ailing economy are better prescribed at the national level; the two stress that â€Å"cities cannot be abstracted from their national context†[5]. Logan and Swanstrom’s position endorse Waley’s admonitions to â€Å"avoid the dangers of a simplistic cultural-determinist response† to the necessity of urban restructuring[6]. On the other hand, Moulaert concedes the fallibility of his model, surmising that government intervention can be detrimental to a point as federal programs are a de facto means of increasing â€Å"the concentration of deprivation in particular urban areas and neighborhoods,† reproducing â€Å"the formation of â€Å"excluded communities, reproduced by the very initiatives that purportedly aim at eradicating them†[7]. Haila echoes the power of pu blic perception, claiming that the aforementioned factor drives the model of private real estate-powered economies. Pointing out the paradigm shift of Japanese investment in Los Angeles from the 1980s to the 1990s, Haila notes that urban development can be catalyzed or snuffed by a change in public perception; after all, â€Å"in the 1980s, Los Angeles was a city favored by Japanese investors,† but the 1992 race riots â€Å"changed this situation, as a property market where an asset can be demolished in one night is not a good market†[8]. While Haila does not prescribe uniformity in the application of economic and urban restructuring, she endorses the facet that all cities which aim to restructure themselves into â€Å"global cities† have real estate in common, echoing Waley’s sentiments regarding Japanese investment in Los Angeles. Private land ownership lends to the environment necessary for economic rehabilitation per globalization. Cities therein affe ct cities; the price falls and gains from one city inevitably affect another[9]. While Logan and Swanstrom support the contention that restructuring carries significant social and political institutions in its wake[10], their views are most applicable to the current global economy due to their calls for uniformity and consistence on a national level. Tied to Haila’s theory of inter-dependent cities, Logan and Swanstrom’s model prevents the cannibalization of intra-national markets. Moreover, Logan and Swanstrom advocate a laissez-faire attitude within the confines of a national agenda, therein tempering the so-called â€Å"free market.† Moulaert’s supposition that global restructuring entails urban development projects, his advocacy for government intervention, finds fault along the lines of market restriction. The workings of bureaucracy prevent the intervention of the individuals Haila perceives as vital to the growth of an economy through land ownership. Though they can be tempered by applicant law and a statute, truncating the invo lvement of the private sector limits growth and future adaptations to a globalizing world economy where punctuality can mean the difference between prosperity and recession. Waley may concede restructured Tokyo’s disparity between the living conditions of the poor and the profit expansions of business corporations, but in his assertions he glosses over the state’s possible use of higher tax revenues to revive the lower classes, thus leaving the question of self-propagating poverty and economic stagnation unanswered[11]. Perhaps most important to note is the necessity of policy fluidity in the degree of laissez-faire economics and governmental intervention. While all four works prescribed a degree of flexibility, none presented the simple fact that globalization, as a new world market and concept, cannot be approached using a template or a macroeconomic stencil of some sort. Adaptation in the urban sector, like all forms of adaptation, cannot be expected to work within the stricture of obstinate thought. BIBLIOGRAPHY Haila, A. (1997) â€Å"The Neglected Builder of Global Cities.† In: Cities in Transformation Transformation in Cities: Social and Symbolic Change of Urban Space, pp. 51 64. London: Ashgate P. Logan, John R and Todd Swanstrom. (1990) â€Å"Urban Restructuring: A Critical View.† In: Beyond the City Limits: Urban Policy and Economic restructuring in Comparative Perspective, pp. 3-24. New York: Temple U P. Moulaert, Frank et al. (2003) â€Å"Urban Restructuring, Social-Political Polarization and New Urban Policies.† In: The Globalized City: Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities, pp. 29-45. Oxford: Oxford U P. Waley, P. (2000) â€Å"Tokyo: Patterns of Familiarity and Partitions of Difference.† In: Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?, pp. 127-157. New York: Blackwell Publishers. Footnotes [1] Moulaert et al 2003, p. 30 [2] Moulaert et al 2003, p. 31 [3] Logan and Swanstrom 1990, p. 4 [4] Waley 2000, p.139 [5] Logan and Swanstrom 1990, p. 6 [6] Waley 2000, p. 128 [7] Moulaert et al 2003, p. 32 [8] Haila 1997, p. 56 [9] Haila 1997, p. 52 [10] Logan and Swanstrom 1990, p. 12 [11] Waley 200, p. 141

Genetic Manipulation :: Science Scientific Papers

Genetic Manipulation In David Brins science fiction novel called The Uplift War, the reader is presented with a world in which humans have not only become a space faring species and made contact with extraterrestrials, but also made an astounding achievement on their own world; they have made dolphins and chimpanzees into thinking, sentient creatures through a process called uplift. Uplift is a process of elevating animal species to full sapience through methods of breeding and genetic engineering. The uplifted species, known as clients, then serve their patrons, the species who uplifted them, until the patrons release them from indenture. Naturally, this causes many problems. Client species are often looked upon as inferior; this is partly due to strict regulation of activities such as breeding. Although uplift is still just Brins invention, we are rapidly gaining the techniques and knowledge to make uplift a reality. This is why we must carefully examine the ethics of genetic manipulation. First, the m ethods of genetic manipulation must be discussed. In Brins novel, a combination of selective mutation, breeding programs, and education were used to evolve the natural form into a conscious being. These methods, while hardly gentle, were not drastic and took place over hundreds of years, gradually eliminating the unwanted traits and encouraging admirable characteristics (Yep). Today, there are several methods of genetic manipulation, most of which involve various methods of inserting foreign DNA into an animal. They all share the same goal: to integrate and stabilize a desired DNA strand into the genome of an organism (Macer). The most widely used are retroviral infection, pronuclear microinjection, and nuclear transfer. Retroviral infection uses a virus, which contains the desired gene that will be incorporated into the organisms genome, to infect groups of embryos in culture in both prenatal and postnatal life. This method takes a lot of time and effort because the construction of the virus is quite complicated. Another effect of infection is that the information of the viruses may not always be incorporated into all the cultured cells, requiring out breeding of selected organisms to isolate those with the desired gene (Macer). Pronuclear microinjection is another method of genetic manipulation. Linear DNA fragments containing the desired gene are injected into the nucleus of a fertilized egg, where they will be incorporated at random locations. The desired gene will eventually be expressed in a percentage of resulting organisms. While relatively simple, there is still control over the expression rate of the genes or the disruption of genes vital to the organisms survival (Macer).